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    droit européen

    ActualitésApprofondissements

    Mariage de complaisance et acquisition de la nationalité : la Cour de justice confirme la persistance du pouvoir d’enquête des États membres

    by Stefania Attolini 16 juin 2026

    Par son arrêt du 4 juin 2026 dans l’affaire Besthame (C-560/24), la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne apporte une précision importante concernant l’articulation entre la citoyenneté nationale, la citoyenneté de l’Union et la lutte contre les abus de droit en matière de libre circulation.

    La question soumise à la Cour était inédite : un État membre peut-il encore enquêter sur l’existence d’un mariage de complaisance ayant permis à un ressortissant d’un pays tiers d’obtenir un droit de séjour dérivé au titre de la directive 2004/38, alors même que cette personne a, entre-temps, acquis la nationalité de cet État membre ?

    La réponse de la Cour est clairement affirmative.

    Les faits à l’origine du litige

    L’affaire trouve son origine en Irlande. Un ressortissant d’un État tiers avait obtenu un droit de séjour dérivé en qualité de conjoint d’une citoyenne de l’Union ayant exercé sa liberté de circulation. Après plusieurs années de résidence, il avait acquis la nationalité irlandaise, laquelle constituait désormais le fondement de son droit de séjour.

    Les autorités irlandaises ont toutefois estimé que le mariage en question pouvait constituer un mariage de complaisance conclu dans le seul but d’obtenir un avantage migratoire. Elles ont alors engagé une procédure visant à établir l’existence d’une fraude ou d’un abus de droit.

    La juridiction de renvoi s’interrogeait dès lors sur le champ d’application temporel de l’article 35 de la directive 2004/38, disposition qui autorise les États membres à adopter des mesures destinées à lutter contre les abus de droit et les fraudes, notamment les mariages de complaisance.

    Les conclusions de l’avocat général Norkus

    Dans ses conclusions du 15 janvier 2026, l’avocat général Rimvydas Norkus avait proposé une lecture extensive de l’article 35 de la directive 2004/38.

    Selon lui, le fait qu’une personne ait acquis ultérieurement la nationalité de l’État membre concerné ne saurait faire obstacle à la vérification de la régularité des droits dont elle a bénéficié par le passé en vertu du droit de l’Union. Une interprétation contraire risquerait de compromettre l’effectivité des mécanismes de lutte contre la fraude, d’autant plus que les mariages de complaisance ne sont souvent détectés que plusieurs années après leur célébration.

    L’avocat général insistait également sur le fait que l’article 35 ne vise pas seulement l’adoption de sanctions, mais également la possibilité pour les autorités nationales d’enquêter et d’établir l’existence d’une fraude ou d’un abus de droit. L’acquisition de la nationalité ne saurait donc effacer rétroactivement les circonstances dans lesquelles les droits dérivés ont été obtenus.

    La solution retenue par la Cour

    La Cour reprend largement cette analyse.

    Elle juge que les dispositions de la directive relatives à la lutte contre la fraude et l’abus de droit s’appliquent également à des situations passées. Dès lors, les autorités nationales conservent la faculté d’enquêter sur l’existence d’un mariage de complaisance et d’en constater l’éventuel caractère frauduleux, même lorsque la personne concernée n’est plus bénéficiaire de la directive au moment de l’enquête en raison de sa naturalisation.

    Selon la Cour, une interprétation inverse compromettrait l’objectif poursuivi par l’article 35 de la directive 2004/38 et risquerait de rendre inefficace la lutte contre les comportements frauduleux, lesquels ne sont pas toujours détectés immédiatement.

    L’arrêt souligne ainsi que le pouvoir d’enquête des autorités nationales survit à la disparition du statut de bénéficiaire de la directive dès lors que les faits examinés concernent la période au cours de laquelle cette directive était applicable.

    Une décision importante pour la lutte contre les abus de droit

    L’intérêt de l’arrêt dépasse largement la seule question des mariages de complaisance.

    La décision confirme d’abord la place centrale occupée par le principe d’interdiction de la fraude et de l’abus de droit dans l’ordre juridique de l’Union. La Cour rappelle implicitement que les avantages conférés par le droit de l’Union ne peuvent être obtenus ou conservés au moyen de comportements frauduleux.

    Elle précise ensuite la portée temporelle de l’article 35 de la directive 2004/38, en reconnaissant aux États membres un pouvoir de contrôle ex post sur les conditions dans lesquelles les droits ont été acquis.

    Enfin, l’arrêt illustre la volonté de la Cour de préserver l’effectivité des mécanismes de lutte contre les abus dans le domaine de la libre circulation, tout en laissant subsister les garanties procédurales et le contrôle du respect du principe de proportionnalité.

    Conclusion

    Avec l’arrêt Besthame, la Cour de justice affirme qu’une naturalisation ultérieure ne constitue pas un obstacle à l’établissement d’une fraude commise lors de l’acquisition d’un droit de séjour dérivé fondé sur le droit de l’Union.

    En suivant de près les conclusions de l’avocat général Norkus, la Cour confirme que la lutte contre les mariages de complaisance et les abus de droit demeure un objectif essentiel du système européen de libre circulation. L’acquisition de la nationalité de l’État membre d’accueil ne saurait, à elle seule, faire disparaître la possibilité de vérifier la légalité des droits obtenus antérieurement sur le fondement du droit de l’Union.

    Mise en perspective…

    L’arrêt Besthame ne marque pas une rupture avec la jurisprudence antérieure. Il prolonge la jurisprudence relative à l’interdiction de la fraude et de l’abus de droit tout en s’inscrivant dans le sillage des arrêts Rottmann, Tjebbes et JY concernant les conséquences, au regard du droit de l’Union, des décisions nationales affectant la nationalité. Sa principale innovation réside dans la reconnaissance du pouvoir des autorités nationales d’enquêter sur une fraude relevant du droit de l’Union même après la naturalisation de l’intéressé, dès lors que cette fraude est susceptible d’avoir conditionné l’acquisition ultérieure de la citoyenneté de l’Union.

    16 juin 2026
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    ActualitésApprofondissements

    The EU Publishes the Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-Generated Content

    by Stefania Attolini 10 juin 2026

    Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-Generated Content

    On 10 June 2026, the European Commission published the final Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-Generated Content, a voluntary instrument designed to help providers and deployers of generative AI systems comply with the transparency obligations established by the EU AI Act. These obligations will start to apply on 2 August 2026.

    The Code addresses one of the most pressing challenges raised by generative AI: how to ensure that citizens can recognise when content has been created or manipulated by artificial intelligence. As synthetic text, images, audio and video become increasingly sophisticated, transparency is emerging as a key tool for preserving trust in the information ecosystem and reducing the risks of misinformation, manipulation and deception.

    The document is divided into two sections:

    • The first concerns providers of generative AI systems and explains how AI-generated or AI-manipulated content should be marked and made detectable. The Code is structured around four core commitments concerning the marking of AI-generated content, the provision of detection mechanisms, compliance with quality requirements such as effectiveness, reliability, robustness and interoperability, and the establishment of testing and compliance procedures. To this end, it promotes a multi-layered approach based on machine-readable metadata, watermarking techniques and detection mechanisms capable of identifying synthetic content.
    • The second section focuses on deployers of AI systems, clarifying their obligations to label deepfakes and AI-generated or AI-manipulated content published on matters of public interest. The objective is to guarantee that users receive clear information when interacting with synthetic content and can make informed decisions about its reliability.

    Although voluntary, the Code is likely to play an important role in the implementation of the AI Act. Once approved by the European Commission and the AI Board, adherence to the Code may help organisations demonstrate compliance with the transparency requirements set out in Article 50 AI Act.

    Beyond its practical relevance, the initiative reflects the broader European approach to AI governance: promoting innovation while ensuring accountability, transparency and the protection of fundamental rights. In this respect, the Code represents another significant step towards the development of a trustworthy and human-centric AI ecosystem in Europe.

    The publication of the Code does not conclude the implementation process. The European Commission has announced that the Code will be complemented by forthcoming Guidelines on the transparency obligations under Article 50 of the AI Act. These Guidelines are expected to clarify the scope of the legal requirements, address issues not covered by the Code, and provide practical guidance for providers and deployers. Their publication will be particularly important in resolving interpretative questions concerning the notions of AI-generated and AI-manipulated content, the disclosure obligations applicable to deepfakes, and the relationship between transparency requirements and editorial control. As such, the Code should be viewed as an important first step within a broader regulatory framework that is still evolving.

     

    10 juin 2026
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    ActualitésApprofondissements

    The EU Strategic Roadmap for Digitalisation and AI in the Energy Sector: Pillars and Flagship Actions

    by Stefania Attolini 4 juin 2026

    The European Commission’s Strategic Roadmap for Digitalisation and AI in the Energy Sector sets out a vision for a smarter, more sustainable and more resilient European energy system. By combining digital technologies, artificial intelligence and advanced data governance, the Roadmap aims to strengthen Europe’s competitiveness, accelerate the clean energy transition and enhance technological sovereignty.

    Pillar I – Energy for AI

    The first pillar addresses the growing energy demand generated by artificial intelligence and data centres. It seeks to ensure that digital infrastructure is integrated sustainably into the energy system through improved grid planning, greater use of renewable energy, enhanced energy efficiency and demand-side flexibility. The objective is to transform data centres from major energy consumers into active contributors to the energy transition.

    Pillar II – Digitalisation and AI for the Energy System

    The second pillar focuses on deploying digital technologies and AI throughout the energy value chain. Smart grids, smart meters, digital twins and AI-powered tools are expected to improve grid management, facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources, optimise energy consumption and increase the resilience of energy infrastructures.

    Pillar III – Data for AI and the Energy System

    The third pillar recognises that data are the foundation of a digital energy ecosystem. The Roadmap therefore promotes a common European framework for energy data exchange and interoperability, enabling the development of innovative energy services and the training of AI models based on high-quality and trustworthy datasets.

    Alongside these three pillars, the Roadmap identifies seven flagship actions. These include measures to support the sustainable integration of data centres, establish an EU rating scheme for their environmental performance, accelerate the deployment of smart grids and smart meters, develop European AI models for energy applications, create a framework for cross-border energy data exchange, strengthen AI safety and cybersecurity, and improve the monitoring of digitalisation across the European energy sector.

    Together, these initiatives aim to create a data-driven and AI-enabled energy system capable of supporting Europe’s competitiveness, energy security and climate objectives in the years ahead.

    (Versione française)

    La Commission européenne a présenté sa Feuille de route stratégique pour la numérisation et l’intelligence artificielle dans le secteur de l’énergie, qui vise à construire un système énergétique plus intelligent, durable et résilient. En s’appuyant sur les technologies numériques, l’intelligence artificielle et la gouvernance des données, cette stratégie entend renforcer la compétitivité européenne, accélérer la transition énergétique et consolider la souveraineté technologique de l’Union.

    Pilier I – L’énergie au service de l’IA

    Le premier pilier répond à l’augmentation de la demande énergétique liée à l’essor de l’intelligence artificielle et des centres de données. Il vise à assurer une intégration durable de ces infrastructures grâce à une meilleure planification des réseaux, à l’utilisation accrue des énergies renouvelables, à l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique et au développement de mécanismes de flexibilité. L’objectif est de faire des centres de données des acteurs de la transition énergétique plutôt que de simples consommateurs d’énergie.

    Pilier II – Numérisation et IA au service du système énergétique

    Le deuxième pilier encourage le déploiement des technologies numériques et de l’intelligence artificielle dans l’ensemble du secteur énergétique. Les réseaux intelligents, les compteurs communicants, les jumeaux numériques et les solutions fondées sur l’IA doivent permettre une meilleure gestion des réseaux, une intégration accrue des énergies renouvelables, une optimisation de la consommation énergétique et un renforcement de la résilience des infrastructures.

    Pilier III – Les données au service de l’IA et du système énergétique

    Le troisième pilier repose sur l’idée que les données constituent la ressource essentielle de la transformation numérique. La feuille de route prévoit ainsi la mise en place d’un cadre européen favorisant l’échange et l’interopérabilité des données énergétiques afin de soutenir le développement de services innovants et l’entraînement de modèles d’intelligence artificielle fiables et performants.

    À côté de ces trois piliers, la Commission identifie sept actions phares destinées à concrétiser les objectifs de la stratégie. Celles-ci concernent notamment l’intégration durable des centres de données, la création d’un système européen de notation environnementale pour ces infrastructures, l’accélération du déploiement des réseaux et compteurs intelligents, le développement de modèles européens d’IA appliqués à l’énergie, la mise en place d’un cadre commun pour l’échange des données énergétiques, le renforcement de la sécurité de l’IA et de la cybersécurité, ainsi que le suivi des progrès de la numérisation du secteur énergétique.

    Dans son ensemble, cette feuille de route marque une étape importante dans l’intégration des politiques énergétiques et numériques de l’Union européenne et illustre l’ambition de construire un système énergétique fondé sur les données, l’intelligence artificielle et l’innovation technologique.

    4 juin 2026
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    Actualités

    European Tech Sovereignty and Open Source: The European Commission’s New Digital Strategy

    by Stefania Attolini 4 juin 2026

    Communication of the European Commission on European Tech Sovereignty, accompanied by an EU Open Source Strategy COM(2026)503

    Communication of the European Commission on European Tech Sovereignty, accompanied by an EU Open Source Strategy COM(2026)503 (Annexe)

    English Version
    On 3 June 2026, the European Commission unveiled a new Communication on European technological sovereignty, accompanied by a dedicated strategy on open source. This initiative marks an important step in the evolution of the European Union’s digital policy, signalling a shift from a primarily regulatory approach towards a more proactive industrial and technological strategy. The objective is clear: to strengthen Europe’s capacity to develop, control and scale critical technologies that are essential for its competitiveness, economic security and democratic resilience.
    According to the Commission, Europe remains heavily dependent on non-EU providers for key digital infrastructures, including cloud services, semiconductors, artificial intelligence solutions and other strategic technologies. In an increasingly fragmented geopolitical environment, such dependencies may become significant vulnerabilities, exposing European economies and institutions to external pressures and disruptions. Technological sovereignty is therefore defined as the EU’s ability to develop, manage and deploy critical technologies and infrastructures while reducing excessive strategic dependencies.
    Importantly, the Commission stresses that technological sovereignty should not be understood as protectionism or technological isolation. Rather, it is conceived as a means of preserving Europe’s openness while ensuring that the Union retains sufficient autonomy to safeguard its interests and values in a rapidly changing global landscape.
    One of the most noteworthy aspects of the Communication is the central role attributed to open source technologies. The Commission recognises that open source software can contribute significantly to innovation, competition, transparency and security. By reducing dependence on proprietary solutions controlled by a limited number of global actors, open source technologies can help strengthen Europe’s digital autonomy while fostering a more dynamic and competitive innovation ecosystem.
    The strategy therefore proposes a range of measures aimed at supporting strategic open source projects, encouraging the adoption of open technologies in public administrations and promoting the development of European alternatives in critical areas such as cloud computing, operating systems, artificial intelligence and digital infrastructure. These initiatives seek to build a stronger and more resilient European digital ecosystem capable of competing on a global scale.
    Beyond economic and industrial considerations, the Commission also highlights the normative dimension of technological sovereignty. The development and deployment of digital technologies should remain aligned with fundamental European values, including transparency, data protection, fair competition, inclusiveness and respect for fundamental rights. In this sense, technological sovereignty is presented not only as an economic objective but also as a means of preserving the European model in the digital age.
    Ultimately, the Communication reflects the European Union’s ambition to move beyond the role of regulator and become a leading actor in the creation, deployment and governance of strategic technologies. Whether these ambitions can be translated into concrete industrial capacity, innovation and global influence will be one of the key challenges for the coming decade.

    Version française
    Le 3 juin 2026, la Commission européenne a présenté une nouvelle Communication sur la souveraineté technologique européenne, accompagnée d’une stratégie dédiée à l’open source. Cette initiative marque une étape importante dans l’évolution des politiques numériques de l’Union européenne, traduisant la volonté de compléter son rôle traditionnel de régulateur par une véritable stratégie industrielle et technologique. L’objectif est de renforcer la capacité de l’Europe à développer, maîtriser et déployer les technologies essentielles à sa compétitivité, à sa sécurité économique et à son autonomie stratégique.
    Selon la Commission, l’Union européenne demeure fortement dépendante de fournisseurs non européens dans des secteurs clés tels que les services cloud, les semi-conducteurs, l’intelligence artificielle et d’autres infrastructures numériques critiques. Dans un contexte géopolitique marqué par une concurrence accrue et une instrumentalisation croissante des dépendances économiques, ces vulnérabilités constituent un défi majeur pour l’Europe. La souveraineté technologique est ainsi définie comme la capacité de l’Union à développer, contrôler et exploiter les technologies et infrastructures stratégiques tout en réduisant les dépendances excessives à l’égard d’acteurs extérieurs.
    La Commission souligne toutefois que cette souveraineté ne doit pas être interprétée comme une forme de protectionnisme ou de repli sur soi. Au contraire, il s’agit de permettre à l’Union de rester ouverte aux échanges internationaux tout en disposant des moyens nécessaires pour protéger ses intérêts et ses valeurs dans un environnement mondial en profonde mutation.
    L’un des aspects les plus remarquables de cette Communication réside dans la place accordée aux technologies open source. La Commission reconnaît que les logiciels à code source ouvert constituent un levier essentiel pour stimuler l’innovation, renforcer la concurrence, accroître la transparence et améliorer la sécurité des infrastructures numériques. En réduisant la dépendance à l’égard de solutions propriétaires contrôlées par un nombre limité d’acteurs mondiaux, l’open source peut contribuer au renforcement de l’autonomie numérique européenne.
    La stratégie prévoit ainsi plusieurs mesures destinées à soutenir les projets open source stratégiques, à favoriser l’adoption de technologies ouvertes par les administrations publiques et à encourager le développement d’alternatives européennes dans des domaines critiques tels que le cloud computing, les systèmes d’exploitation, l’intelligence artificielle et les infrastructures numériques. L’ambition est de construire un écosystème numérique européen plus robuste, innovant et compétitif.
    Au-delà des considérations économiques et industrielles, la Commission insiste également sur la dimension normative de la souveraineté technologique. Le développement des technologies numériques doit rester conforme aux valeurs fondamentales de l’Union, notamment la transparence, la protection des données, la concurrence loyale, l’inclusion et le respect des droits fondamentaux. La souveraineté technologique apparaît ainsi non seulement comme un objectif économique, mais également comme un instrument de préservation du modèle européen à l’ère numérique.
    Cette Communication illustre finalement l’ambition de l’Union européenne de dépasser son rôle de simple régulateur pour devenir un acteur majeur dans la conception, le développement et la gouvernance des technologies stratégiques. La capacité de l’Europe à transformer cette vision en investissements, en innovation et en leadership technologique constituera l’un des enjeux déterminants de la prochaine décennie.

    4 juin 2026
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    Meta v Commission : The General Court Clarifies the Scope of Judicial Review under the DMA

    by Stefania Attolini 3 juin 2026

    Judgment of the General Court, Meta Platforms, Inc. v European Commission of 3 June 2026

    On 3 June 2026, the General Court delivered one of its first significant judgments on the application of the Digital Markets Act (DMA) in Meta Platforms Ireland v Commission (T-1078/23). The ruling provides important guidance on both the procedural requirements governing the Commission’s enforcement powers and the substantive operation of the DMA’s gatekeeper designation regime.

    Meta challenged the Commission’s September 2023 decision designating several of its services under the DMA, in particular Messenger and Facebook Marketplace. The company argued that the Commission had incorrectly concluded that these services met the conditions set out in Article 3 DMA.

    The Court reached a mixed outcome. It upheld the designation of Messenger, while annulling the decision concerning Facebook Marketplace.

    From a procedural perspective, the judgment confirms that the Commission enjoys a broad margin of discretion when applying the DMA and assessing complex digital market realities. However, the Court also emphasises that such discretion remains subject to meaningful judicial review. The Commission must provide adequate reasoning and demonstrate, on the basis of sufficient evidence, why a service satisfies the statutory criteria laid down by the Regulation.

    This point is particularly evident in relation to Facebook Marketplace. The Court did not exclude the possibility that Marketplace could qualify as an important gateway between business users and end users. Rather, it found that the Commission had failed to substantiate that conclusion adequately. The judgment therefore reaffirms a fundamental principle of EU administrative law: even within the DMA’s ex ante regulatory framework, regulatory discretion must be accompanied by robust reasoning.

    The judgment is equally significant from a substantive perspective. The DMA establishes quantitative thresholds that create presumptions regarding gatekeeper status. Once those thresholds are met, the burden shifts to the undertaking to rebut the presumption and demonstrate that the relevant service does not fulfil the qualitative conditions required by Article 3 DMA.

    With regard to Messenger, the Court concluded that Meta had failed to provide sufficient evidence to overcome those presumptions. In doing so, it confirmed that the burden of rebuttal under the DMA is demanding and that companies seeking to challenge a designation must present convincing evidence capable of undermining the Commission’s assessment.

    An important aspect of the case is that the practical relevance of the Marketplace issue had already diminished before the judgment was delivered. In 2024, the Commission withdrew Facebook Marketplace’s designation after the service no longer met the relevant quantitative thresholds under the DMA. As a result, the annulment has limited immediate regulatory consequences.

    Nevertheless, the ruling remains highly relevant. Its importance lies not in the current status of Marketplace, but in the guidance it provides regarding the evidentiary standards and reasoning requirements that will govern future DMA enforcement.

    As one of the first substantive judgments on the Digital Markets Act, Meta v Commission offers an early indication of how EU courts are likely to approach disputes arising under the new regulatory framework. The message is clear: while the Commission retains significant discretion in identifying and regulating gatekeepers, that discretion must be exercised through decisions that are properly reasoned, evidence-based, and capable of withstanding judicial scrutiny.

    3 juin 2026
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    Digital Borders and the Future of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice

    by Stefania Attolini 29 mai 2026

    The European Union is entering a new phase in the evolution of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice.

    As the Pact on Migration and Asylum approaches its full application in June 2026 and the Entry/Exit System (EES) becomes operational across the Schengen Area, the governance of migration and border management is increasingly shaped by digital technologies, biometric identification, and large-scale information systems.

    These reforms are intended to strengthen migration management, improve security, and enhance cooperation among Member States. At the same time, they raise important legal and constitutional questions concerning privacy, data protection, proportionality, and the protection of fundamental rights.

    The ongoing transformation of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice therefore reflects a broader development within European integration: the growing interconnection between internal security, digital governance, and the management of mobility.

    Recent reports have also highlighted practical concerns linked to the deployment of the Entry/Exit System, including delays, operational challenges, and potential disruptions at major border crossing points and airports. These developments show how technological governance is becoming an increasingly central component of European migration and security policy.

    One crucial question nevertheless remains open: can the European Union reconcile increasingly sophisticated systems of border control with the fundamental values of freedom, rights, and the rule of law on which the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice is founded?

    Useful Sources

    • Pact on Migration and Asylum – European Commission
      https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/migration-and-asylum/pact-migration-and-asylum_en
    • Commission Report on the Implementation of the Pact (May 2026)
      https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/news/commission-reports-progress-implementing-pact-migration-and-asylum-2026-05-08_en
    • Entry/Exit System (EES) – European Commission
      https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/schengen/smart-borders/entry-exit-system_en
    • Travel Europe – Entry/Exit System Guide
      https://travel-europe.europa.eu/en/ees
    • eu-LISA – Entry/Exit System Information
      https://www.eulisa.europa.eu/Activities/Large-Scale-It-Systems/ees
    • The Guardian – Concerns over EES implementation and border delays
      https://www.theguardian.com/business/2026/apr/30/eu-entry-exit-system-ees-queues-missed-flights-readers
    29 mai 2026
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    Actualités

    Circular Economy and Europe’s New Environmental Strategy

    by Stefania Attolini 28 mai 2026

    Environmental policy in the European Union is increasingly becoming an industrial and geopolitical strategy.

    With the European Commission expected to present the forthcoming Circular Economy Act in 2026, the EU appears determined to move beyond traditional waste management and reshape the European Single Market around sustainability, resource efficiency, and strategic autonomy.

    Current policy discussions suggest that the future legislative framework may seek to strengthen the market for secondary raw materials, harmonise “end-of-waste” criteria across Member States, and reinforce circular design requirements for products and industrial supply chains.

    The initiative also reflects a broader transformation of EU environmental governance: ecological transition is now closely connected to competitiveness, industrial resilience, and digital regulation.

    In this sense, the circular economy is no longer presented merely as an environmental objective, but as a core element of Europe’s economic and regulatory future.

    One key question nevertheless emerges: can the EU reconcile ecological transition, industrial competitiveness, and regulatory coherence without weakening its environmental ambitions?

    Here is the European Commission’s overview of the EU Circular Economy strategy:
    https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/circular-economy_en

    28 mai 2026
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    Artificial Intelligence and the Rise of Europe’s Regulatory Power

    by Stefania Attolini 28 mai 2026

    Artificial intelligence is no longer merely a technological issue: it has become a constitutional, economic, and geopolitical one.

    With the AI Act, the European Union is attempting to build the world’s first comprehensive legal framework for AI regulation, based on a risk-oriented approach aimed at balancing innovation, fundamental rights protection, and security.

    In doing so, Europe is pursuing a path distinct from both the American and Chinese models: neither complete deregulation nor centralized state control.

    One crucial question nevertheless remains open:
    👉 can the EU transform its “regulatory power” into genuine technological leadership?

    Here is the official European Commission overview of the AI Act:
    AI Act – European Commission

    28 mai 2026
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    The EU Digital Omnibus Strategy: Why Is Europe Revising Its Digital Rulebook So Soon?

    by Stefania Attolini 20 novembre 2025

    On 19 November 2025, the European Commission unveiled its DIGITAL OMNIBUS STRATEGY, a broad simplification package designed to streamline key elements of the EU digital regulatory framework. The initiative accompanies legislative proposals amending several cornerstone instruments of EU digital law, including the GDPR, the Data Governance Act, the Data Act, the Open Data Directive, the ePrivacy framework, the AI Act, and cybersecurity legislation.

    At first sight, the proposal appears surprising. Most of the instruments targeted by the Digital Omnibus are not old legislation in need of modernization. On the contrary, they represent some of the most recent and ambitious components of the EU’s digital acquis. The Data Governance Act became applicable in 2023, the AI Act was adopted in 2024, and the Data Act only started to apply in September 2025.

    This raises an important question: why is the European Commission proposing amendments to legislation that has barely entered into force?

    From Regulatory Expansion to Regulatory Consolidation

    The answer offered by the Commission is revealing. The Digital Omnibus is not presented as a change of regulatory direction. Rather, it is described as a first step in a broader effort to “stress-test” the EU digital rulebook and ensure that digital legislation remains supportive of innovation, competitiveness and economic growth while preserving high levels of protection.

    According to the Commission, the rapid expansion of EU digital regulation over the last decade has created a complex legal landscape. Stakeholders have increasingly reported overlaps between legislative instruments, duplicative compliance obligations, legal uncertainty, fragmented reporting requirements, and difficulties understanding how different rules interact in practice.

    The Digital Omnibus therefore reflects a shift from the phase of regulatory construction to a phase of regulatory consolidation. Rather than introducing entirely new rules, the Commission seeks to simplify, align and rationalise the existing framework.

    Key Highlights

    1. Towards a “One Data Act” Approach

    One of the most significant elements of the proposal concerns the EU data framework.

    The Commission acknowledges that the current data acquis has become fragmented across multiple instruments. To address this, the Digital Omnibus proposes:

    the repeal of the Free Flow of Non-Personal Data Regulation while preserving its core principle of free movement of non-personal data within the EU;
    the integration of key provisions of the Data Governance Act and the Open Data Directive into a more coherent framework centred on the Data Act;
    simplification of rules governing data intermediation services;
    clarification of provisions relating to data sharing, cloud switching and public-sector access to data.

    The objective is to create a more coherent legal architecture capable of supporting data-driven innovation and strengthening the European data economy.

    2. Greater Legal Certainty for Data Protection and AI

    A second pillar of the strategy concerns the interaction between data protection law and artificial intelligence.

    The Commission identifies persistent uncertainty regarding:

    anonymisation and pseudonymisation techniques;
    the processing of personal data for scientific research;
    the use of personal data for the development and operation of AI systems;
    access rights under the GDPR;
    data protection impact assessments and risk assessment obligations.

    The proposed amendments seek to provide greater legal clarity without altering the fundamental principles of EU data protection law.

    Importantly, the Commission explicitly links these reforms to the objective of facilitating the development of trustworthy AI in Europe.

    3. Tackling “Consent Fatigue” and Cookie Banner Overload

    The Digital Omnibus also addresses one of the most visible sources of regulatory frustration for internet users: cookie consent banners.

    The Commission recognises the phenomenon of “consent fatigue”, whereby users are confronted with repetitive consent requests that undermine meaningful choice. To address this issue, the proposal includes:

    one-click consent mechanisms;
    machine-readable preference standards;
    enhanced use of browser-based preference signals.

    These measures aim to reduce compliance burdens while improving the effectiveness of privacy choices.

    4. Simplifying the Implementation of the AI Act

    The package includes a dedicated proposal amending the AI Act.

    The Commission emphasises that these changes do not alter the fundamental objectives of the AI Act. Instead, they are intended to facilitate implementation, reduce unnecessary administrative burdens, and improve legal certainty for businesses.

    The Commission also announces an extensive programme of guidance documents covering issues such as:

    high-risk AI classification;
    transparency obligations;
    incident reporting;
    fundamental rights impact assessments;
    interactions between the AI Act and other EU legislation, including data protection law and cybersecurity rules.

    5. A Single Cybersecurity Incident Reporting Mechanism

    Another major objective of the Digital Omnibus is the rationalisation of cybersecurity reporting obligations.

    The Commission proposes the creation of a single reporting mechanism capable of reducing overlaps between multiple notification requirements contained in different pieces of EU cybersecurity legislation.

    This responds directly to stakeholder concerns regarding duplicated reporting duties and administrative complexity.

    6. Repeal of Outdated Digital Legislation

    The proposal also repeals several instruments considered redundant or superseded by more recent legislation, including the Platform-to-Business Regulation and other data-related measures whose objectives are now covered by newer regulatory frameworks.

    A New Phase in EU Digital Governance

    Perhaps the most important aspect of the Digital Omnibus is not any individual amendment, but what it reveals about the evolution of EU digital governance.

    The Commission openly acknowledges that the challenge is no longer simply adopting new digital legislation. The challenge is ensuring that the growing body of digital regulation functions coherently as a system.

    The Digital Omnibus therefore represents the first large-scale attempt to review the cumulative effects of the EU digital acquis. It marks the beginning of what the Commission calls a broader Digital Fitness Check, a process intended to assess how the digital rulebook affects innovation, competitiveness and regulatory effectiveness across sectors.

    In this respect, the Digital Omnibus can be understood as an exercise in regulatory maintenance rather than deregulation. Its significance lies not only in simplifying compliance, but also in signalling the emergence of a new phase of EU digital policy: one focused on coherence, implementation and regulatory quality after years of intensive legislative expansion.

    The Commission estimates that, if adopted, the measures could generate approximately EUR 5 billion in administrative cost savings for businesses and EUR 1 billion for public authorities by 2029.

    Whether these ambitions will be achieved remains to be seen. What is already clear, however, is that the Digital Omnibus constitutes a significant milestone in the maturation of the European digital regulatory model.

    20 novembre 2025
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    Actualités

    Human Rights Dialogues – Focus on women’s rights 

    by Stefania Attolini 18 mars 2024

    Pour la quatrième année, je participerai à l’édition de Human Rights Dialogues – Focus on women’s rights promue par Mme Claudia MORINI (Professeure de droit de l’Union européenne, Università del Salento) titulaire du Module Jean Monnet EU PRO WOMEN.

    J’interviendrai le 15 avril prochain sur le sujet suivant « THE RIGHT TO ACCESS TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES: AN EMERGING
    TOOL TO DIMINISH GENDER GAP AND TO IMPROVE WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ».

    Ci-dessous le programme de toutes les interventions:

    March 19, 2024
    Dr. FRANCESCO SPERA: GENDER EQUALITY AND EQUAL PAY: THE IMPACT OF EU SOFT LAW

    March 26, 2024
    Prof. ÁGNES SÁNTHA: THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMPLICATION OF WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT: A
    SPECIAL FOCUS ON QUALITY OF LIFE AND WORK-LIFE-BALANCE

    April 9, 2024
    Dr. SILVIA SOLIDORO: BUSINESS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: RELEVANT MECHANISMS
    ESTABLISHED AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL TO IMPLEMENT GENDER JUSTICE

    April 15, 2024
    Prof. STEFANIA ATTOLINI: THE RIGHT TO ACCESS TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES: AN EMERGING
    TOOL TO DIMINISH GENDER GAP AND TO IMPROVE WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT

    April 23, 2024
    Prof. MAURA MARCHEGIANI: THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONS ON WOMEN

     

    Voici les ppt que j’utiliserai dans mon intervention.

     

    18 mars 2024
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    Stefania Attolini, Ph.D

    Juriste et chercheuse en droit de l’Union européenne, spécialisée dans les enjeux juridiques de la transition numérique et verte, la démocratie environnementale et la gouvernance des données.

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