Stefania Attolini
Stefania Attolini
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RuleOfLaw

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Digital Borders and the Future of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice

by Stefania Attolini

The European Union is entering a new phase in the evolution of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice.

As the Pact on Migration and Asylum approaches its full application in June 2026 and the Entry/Exit System (EES) becomes operational across the Schengen Area, the governance of migration and border management is increasingly shaped by digital technologies, biometric identification, and large-scale information systems.

These reforms are intended to strengthen migration management, improve security, and enhance cooperation among Member States. At the same time, they raise important legal and constitutional questions concerning privacy, data protection, proportionality, and the protection of fundamental rights.

The ongoing transformation of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice therefore reflects a broader development within European integration: the growing interconnection between internal security, digital governance, and the management of mobility.

Recent reports have also highlighted practical concerns linked to the deployment of the Entry/Exit System, including delays, operational challenges, and potential disruptions at major border crossing points and airports. These developments show how technological governance is becoming an increasingly central component of European migration and security policy.

One crucial question nevertheless remains open: can the European Union reconcile increasingly sophisticated systems of border control with the fundamental values of freedom, rights, and the rule of law on which the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice is founded?

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